Research of power sources based on lithium has several partial objectives. Firstly, it is the optimization of the composition and laboratory preparation of materials for positive and negative electrodes. New composition of electrolytes are studied with regard to electrical properties, and operation safety. New principles of electrochemical ultracapacitors with improved efficiency of energy accumulation are studied. Apart from the standard technological processes, processes based on nanofibres and other nanomaterials are used as well as materials prepared by thin-film technologies. Also new systems based on different forms of carbon for electrochemical sources are tested. Attention is given to systems of fuel cells using catalytic materials other than expensive platinum. New types of high stability and conductivity membranes are tested for application at low-, medium- and high temperature types.